Accounting Theory - 1267 Words

St Joseph Campus Capitol Hill, Monrovia Liberia Accounting 401 Section 01 Accounting Theory Assignment #2 To: Mr. Oye Williams By: Fatima E. Manyeh 07436 March 6, 2014 1) BDO Seidman’s attorney pointed out correctly that professional standards do not prohibit auditors and client personnel from being ‘friends’. At what point does such relationship result in violation of the auditor independence rules and guidelines? Provide hypothetical examples to strengthen your answers. Health Management, Inc. was a pharmaceutical sales company who faced many problems after their fiscal year ending on April 30, 1995. They had issues surrounding an in transit inventory problem that totaled up to $1.8 million. Involved in the†¦show more content†¦There were plenty of red flags that she had noticed giving her a good enough reason to continue on with the procedure. Since all the red flags would have probably had material effect on the records, she had every reason to go through with it. Because of time and costs, auditors may not be able to perform everything they can in the time period they have for the audit. When there is a possibility of material effect on a company the auditors need to do everything in their power to perform everything they can to detect the issue and be able to give their qualified opinion. 5) Should the result of inconclusive audit tests be included in audit work papers? Defend your answers. Inconclusive audit tests should be included in the audit work papers. There are reasons that the auditors started the test and there are reasons why they did not finish the test, whether it because of lack of time and money or the auditor and company might be hiding something. If the inconclusive tests are included in the work papers, it might open eyes up for others such as in the case in the court room. 6)A major focus of the trial in this case was BDO Seidman’s consideration of, and respond to, the ‘red flags’ apparent during the 1995 HMI audit. Define or describe the phrase ‘red flags’. Explain the impact of red flags indentified by auditors on each major phrase of an audit. The saying or term of â€Å"red flag† is defined as a warning signal and something that gives attentionShow MoreRelatedPositive Accounting Theory2425 Words   |  10 PagesCompare and contrast normative and positive accounting approaches: Definition of PAT: Watts and Zimmerman (1986) defined Pat as a theory that seeks to explain and predicts particular phenomenon. It is concerned with explaining accounting practice. The three basic hypotheses as outlined by Watts and Zimmerman (1978) underlying PAT are: 1. Bonus plan hypothesis: The bonus plan hypothesis is that managers of firms with bonus plans are more likely to use accounting methods that increase current period reportedRead MoreAccounting Theory And Management Accounting2580 Words   |  11 PagesThough forms of managerial accounting practices can be traced back decades, centuries even, management accounting used to be regarded as a financial tool, advantageous for the financial managers. However, over the past three decades views on management accounting have changed. As Kaplan (1994) states management accounting theory has experienced a revolution in both theory and practice with the development of new innovations. Through advances in information technology, more competitive markets andRead MorePositive Accounting Theory Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesWhittington notes, they are two of the most widely discussed contributors to the accounting literature of the past decade (1989, p. 327). They are also the joint founder-editors of The Journal of Accou nting and Economics, a journal devoted to positive accounting research, which has achieved an international reputation. So their story, while admittedly controversial, has achieved credibility among a significant number of accounting researchers. But what accounts for that credibility? According to WattsRead MoreThe Theory Of Accounting Fraud3500 Words   |  14 PagesA number of cases of fraudulent accounting have been reported over the last fifty years. However, in each case the manner in which the fraud was perpetrated was different In the UK there is no legal definition of fraud (Levi, Information Gathering Working Party and Doig, 1999). Black’s Law Dictionary (1999) defines fraud as â€Å"a knowing misrepresentation of the truth or concealment of a material fact†. When we apply this to the world of accountancy there can be confusion between fraud and ‘creativeRead MoreAccounting Theory6586 Words   |  27 Pagesother relevant materials to justify your viewpoint. INTRODUCTION Accounting can be broadly defined as the ‘measurement and communication’ of economic information to the decision makers (Watts and Zimmerman 1986). Accounting is divided into internal and external accounting on the basis of the users of the information (Spohr 2005). Spohr (2005) further highlights that the responsibility for preparing the external accounting information and publishing it lies with the managers of the firm. TheseRead MoreAccounting Theory- Stakeholders1220 Words   |  5 PagesCurrent Issues in Accounting, South Melbourne: Cengage Learning Freeman RE. 1984. Strategic Management: a Stakeholder Approach. Pitman: Boston, MA Haigh, N., amp; Griffiths, A. (2009). The natural environment as a primary stakeholder: The case of climate change.  Business Strategy and the Environment,  18(6), 347. Retrieved from: http://ezproxy.waikato.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/213770085?accountid=1728 Mitchell RK, Agle BR, Wood DJ. 1997. Toward a theory of stakeholder identificationRead MoreAccounting Theory and Practice Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pagesreached about what perspective theories should be used to explain the Social and Environmental Accounting, and moreover critique voices are from the works of Marx or by the deep-green or feminist literatures (Deegan, 2002), to some extent, systems-oriented theory and Positive Accounting Theory can list some hints. This essay will seek to explain the reasons why firms voluntary disclosure information by referring to Legitimacy theory, Stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and lastly Political CostsRead MoreA Research On Positive Accounting Theory2273 Words   |  10 Pagespositive accounting hypothesis (PAT) estimates that, in flawed markets, accounting decision may be controlled by directors looking to impact reported income and capital structure (Watts and Zimmerman, 1978). Specifically, the positive accounting hypothesis (PAT) contends that accounting decisions are liable to be spurred by components, for example, supervisors extra arranges, the company s obligation/value proportions and the more extensive political impact of outsiders (Watts and Zimmerman, 1978;Read MorePositive vs Normative Accounting Theory Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pageswith planning) TOPIC: Discuss positive accounting theory and contrast it with normative accounting theory. Provide examples where appropriate.       The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of positive accounting theory (PAT) and highlight how this theory differs to normative accounting theory. Definitions and assumptions of both theories will be considered and examples of the theories will be provided. In addition specific theories related to PAT namely agency and the efficientRead MoreThe Imporance of Accounting Theory to the Field of Accounting1912 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Accounting Theory to the Field Of Accounting The objective of theory is to explain and predict. One of the basic goals of the theory of a particular discipline is to have a well-defined body of knowledge that has been systematically accumulated, organized, and verified well enough to provide a frame of reference for future actions. The Webster’s definition of theory is the systematically organized knowledge, applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances, a system

The African Poverty Of Ghana - 2222 Words

It is important to know the nature of poverty in Ghana so as to better appreciate discourse on matters as far as alleviating poverty in Ghana is concerned. According to GLSS 6, a quarter of Ghanaians are poor whilst under a tenth of the population are in extreme poverty. In spite of the fact that the level of extreme poverty is relatively low, it is concentrated in rural savannah, with more than a quarter of the people making up this category. Overall, the dynamics of poverty in Ghana over the years is predominantly a rural phenomenon. Five out of the ten regions have poverty rates lower than the national average of 24.2% whiles the remaining half have rates higher than the national average. Greater Accra is the least poorest region and the Upper West the poorest overall. Though most regions show a reduction in poverty incidence since 2005/06, the pattern of poverty by region remains the same. Rural poverty remains widespread in the dry savannah region that covers roughly two thirds of Ghana s northern territory. Ghana has a rural population accounting for 50% of the total population. Whereas southern Ghana has two growing seasons, the northern plains are very prone to drought; this coupled with a poor economic outlook of the region has further worsened the plight of the region (IFAD 2015). While Ghana s overall poverty rate has declined, these three Northern regions have only seen marginal decrease. Poverty rates in the north are two to three times the national average,Show MoreRelatedAfrican Poverty Profile Of Ghana2028 Words   |  9 Pages3.1 POVERTY PROFILE OF GHANA It is important to know the nature of poverty in Ghana so as to better appreciate discourse on matters as far as alleviating poverty in Ghana is concerned. According to GLSS 6, a quarter of Ghanaians are poor whilst under a tenth of the population are in extreme poverty. In spite of the fact that the level of extreme poverty is relatively low, it is concentrated in rural savannah, with more than a quarter of the people making up this category. Overall, the dynamics ofRead MoreGhan A Prosperous Country1452 Words   |  6 Pagesdesired for an African country. Your country has also been a free democracy since 1982, which is uncommon for your nearby countries to be. Your country has more of a free economy compared to the rest of the countries in its region. The World Bank has helped your country cut down poverty by 20% in recent years. Your country has a recently increased in urban population by 350%. This country is Ghana, leading the world with the largest hydroelectric power. For the past 20 years Ghana s annual GDP increaseRead MoreAfrican Countries, Sierra Leon And Ghana1502 Words   |  7 Pages I have chosen to dissect two West Afr ican countries, Sierra Leon and Ghana, along with Peru located in South America and lastly the United States located in North America. Sierra Leon is a British established colony founded in 1787 for slaves returning to Africa from Great Britain and also the United States, its primary language is Krio spoken by 97% of citizens. Sierra Leone became an independent country within the Commonwealth of Nations on April 27 of 1961 and Freetown was deemed the capitalRead MoreU.s. Relations : Foreign Relations848 Words   |  4 PagesU.S.-Ghana Relations U.S. involvement in Africa in general, Ghana in particular, has shown ebbs and flows according to a broad range of factors including, most notably, political stability, economic growth and safety measures. Probably, Obama s much-hyped visit to Ghana in 2009 is an indication of U.S.-Africa s dynamic relation that has historically been centered on aid. Ghana, a West African country, has witnessed a steady economic growth over recent years, and by virtue of her political stabilityRead MoreCase Study : Bang For Their Buck Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesimplementing foreign ideas without consulting anyone else. Countries like Ghana need â€Å"Searchers† to actively find problems on a community level, instead of the blanket approach they have experienced with unsuccessful results before. Scholars on the other side of the argument, who believe current methods of foreign aid are still quite effective, include professor and world-renown economist Jeffrey Sachs. In his book, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time, Sachs argues that a sort of â€Å"shockRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Economy972 Words   |  4 Pagescountry to the other. Globalization has been able to help corporations to grow in a very efficient way when also affecting poor developing countries. John Perkins on â€Å"Globalization†, has described the investment of money has increased the rate of poverty, but has been able to make businesses richer. He believes that the system of globalization has been a complete failure because we as consumers use almost 85% of the country’s resources. In the short film, Perkins says that the American dream was aRead MoreThe Country Of Western Africa Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagessmall in area and population, Ghana is one of the leading countries of Africa, partly because of its considerable natural wealth and partly because it was the first black African country south of the Sahara to achieve independence from colonial rule. Ghana. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc. 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SAP’s generally mandated: -the removalRead MoreCountry With High Mortality Rates1213 Words   |  5 Pages Country with High Mortality Rates: Ghana Kamala Sapkota Florida International University Country with High Mortality Rates: Ghana Introduction Ghana is one of the developing countries in the world. Even though now I am living in a developed country, I was also born and raised in a developing country; therefore, I wanted to explore what are the problems on the other part of the world especially African countries. Ghana is said be the country that is doing much better in increasingRead More Poverty in Africa Essay example1470 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican nations regularly fall to the bottom of any list measuring economic activity, such as per capita income or per capita GDP, despite a wealth of natural resources. The bottom 25 spots of the United Nations (UN) quality of life index are regularly filled by African nations. In 2006, 34 of the 50 nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa. In many nations, the per capita income is often less than $200 U.S. per year, with the vast majority of the population living on much

Nonparticipation in Controversial Business †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Nonparticipation in Controversial Business. Answer: Introduction: There are certain scopes and objectives related to the project. The first and most important scope is to arrange the sponsor for funding the project (De Schepper, Dooms Haezendonck, 2014). Next scope is to ensure the construction of dual carriageway along with three traffic lanes in either direction in the upgraded road. Following scopes are installation of street lighting poles with neon lights and electronic gantry signs all over the main carriageways. These neon lights are the upgraded version of traffic lights. After that comes the new limitation of speed and restriction rules for cyclists, pedestrians and animals near these roads. The restriction rules are developed following only one goal and that is safety and security for public and animals (Kendrick, 2015). Next scopes of the project are to raise the busiest sections of the Burns Road and utilization of freeway style ramps for exiting the highway. The planning of this raise has been done so that it goes over the railway the railway lines not causing any traffic jams near the railway level crossings (Fewings, 2013). Other scopes related with the project are 5 km diversion of the highway near Wiggum Regional Park and construction of 24/7 service station inside the park. The last but one of the most important scope is to relocate the existing power substation and replace it with another suitable electrical substation and depot for maintenance on the residential grounds. High voltage poles have to be removed in this case. Major benefit that can be obtained from this project is reduction of traffic jams and time delay (Eskerod Jepsen, 2013). This project will also expand the highway, therefore allowing a swift movement of heavy vehicles. Construction of 24/7 service station inside the Regional; Park will provide the drivers necessary requirements and reduce the amount of stops. 5 Km diversion of the road will reduce the traffic congestion around the intersection of Burns Road and Waylon Way. Neon street lighting and electronic gantry signs will increase driver awareness and visibility. Expansion of the road will increase the commercial activity within the city. Traffic jams will get reduce in congested intersections. Project Constraints, Risks and Assumptions: The major risks which are associated with the project are environmental hazards, political issues, discontent among the stakeholders and cost-benefit issues. Increase in taxes and attraction of more businesses are the primary goals of this project and the comparison between project cost and benefit will always be a doubtful subject before the completion of the project (De Brucker, Macharis Verbeke, 2013). Demolition of buildings and required construction will impact the environment so that is another risk. Political issues can be considered as a risk too. Moreover, discontent among stakeholders in some part of the project is a risk regarding time and money both (Haimes, 2015). Project constraints are the restrictions present in the pathway of project action. The general project constraints are risk, quality, cost, resource, scope and time. For the given project time, cost, risks and quality are the major constraints (Burke, 2013). The project will definitely cause environmental hazards so proper measures should be ready. Apart from that the resources are need to be imported from other cities as all the resources are not present within the city. More time the project will linger on, more time delays and losses in commercial transportation will occur (Kendrick, 2015). Stakeholder is a person or a group of person or even an organisation that takes interest in the business of an organisation. Any business has constant interaction with its stakeholders that either affects the business or affects the stakeholders (Doh Quigley, 2014). Any business contains three fundamental stakeholders, who are employees, investors and consumers (Moura-Leite, Padgett Galn, 2014). These stakeholders can be either internal or external depending upon their connection with the business (Minoja, 2012). Investors are the example of internal stakeholders where creditors and suppliers are the example of external stakeholders (Freeman Moutchnik, 2013). Stakeholders in this road upgradation projects are the people who are actively involved with the project, directly or indirectly. They are facility owners and users, shareholders, project managers and facilities managers, suppliers, employees, sub-contractors, service providers, legal authorities, community representatives, banks, media, business establishments, general public, government and natural environment (El Abboubi Cornet, 2012). Analysing the stakeholders according to their importance, responsibility, integration and interests, a categorization of primary and secondary stakeholders has been obtained. Project managers, general managers, functional managers are the primary stakeholders in the project action plan. On the other hand contractors, suppliers and unions are also directly involved with the project (Davis, 2014). Finally shareholders, employees and legal organisations come into the category of primary stakeholders as the impact of the project will directly upon them (Carpenter, 2014). These stakeholders influence the decisions and direction of the project. And they have contractual relationship with the project. Secondary stakeholders are general public, residents, social and professional organisations, media, local communities and some others. They do not have a contractual relationship with the project but they have interests and they receive the impacts (Lam, 2014). Stakeholder Power Grid and Engagement Matrix: A grouping can be created among the stakeholders on the basis of their power and level of interests regarding the outcomes of the project. Project manager is the main designer and controller of the project (Eskerod Jepsen, 2013). Main contractor transform the project model to a reality and sub-contractor follows the orders of main contractor like supplying of materials and other tasks. Financer are main source of funding of project. Shareholders are persons to maintain the cost-benefit structure of the project (De Schepper, Dooms Haezendonck, 2014). Legal organisations holds the authorities of the project. Social, political and professional organisations become involve in the project activities as they face the Impact. Business is the main objective of the project and the residents and the environment are the ones who are subjected to face the primary impacts of the projects (Minoja, 2012). (Political and professional organisations, NGO, Unions) Keep satisfied (Financers, Project managers, contractors, Suppliers employees, service providers, ) Actively engaged (Legal organisations, functional managers, Competitor groups, residents, environmentalists) Monitor (Shareholders, social and political organisations, media, general public ) Keep Informed Different stakeholder has variable interests in this project of road upgradation. With the progress of the upgradation the interests still remain variable (Von Meding et al., 2013). Different stakeholders focus on different stage of the project. A power versus interest grid matrix has been prepared for classification of power and interest on the basis on engagement of stakeholders in the project. They are the most significant stakeholders of this project and control all the matters of the projects. All the decisions like gathering of financial resources, demolition of buildings, construction of dual carriageway, installation of neon street lights and electronic gantry signs, construction of 24/7 service station are made by these stakeholders (Doh Quigley, 2014). These stakeholders requires information of every progress in the project. They possesses high interest in the project but their decision making power is low (Fewings, 2013). Some stakeholders among them have influences on some decision of the project. These stakeholders also faces the direct impact of the project. Project Communication Plan: To complete a project of road upgradation this big, communication must be maintained among the project sponsors, project managers, stakeholders, government and construction workers. From the perspective of a project manager, communication between the stakeholders and workers are the most important thing, else the project will not proceed accordingly. Any problems should be solved right away as this is the major communication pathway for the city. Main contractor and sub-contractors must be always in touch with the project manager and supervisors (De Brucker, Macharis Verbeke, 2013). Daily schedule should be followed all the time. Several communication tools can be used in this case like official presentations, newsletters, internet, emails, status reports and others. Construction workers should be well connected with the environmentalists to maintain that environmental hazards remain limited. Goals of this communication plan is to gather general information, estimation of the efficiency of new transport system, advertisement and public awareness, information gathering regarding impact on nature (Weiss, 2014). The process of discovery, documentation and management of stakeholders to satisfy the objectives and scopes of the project. Key information of the project is discovered by a lot of information gathering tools. For this case the two tools those have been used are surveys and questionnaire and focus groups. This techniques are effective to obtain the perspectives of the users. Using these techniques stakeholders are able to understand the viewpoints of the residents and the local businessmen (Moura-Leite, Padgett Galn, 2014). This method have positive benefits reasonable cost and low processing time, integration of the viewpoints of a large population, low amount of training and other benefits regarding data collection method. Focus group can be called a portal of homogeneous of heterogeneous stakeholders who can develop ideas for new products or improvisation for old ones. User-base view, the most important factor for a social and economic project can be obtained by applying the principle of a focus group (Fassin, 2012). This method of data gathering is efficient when the target population is large. Target population includes residents of the whole, businessmen, students, environmentalists, professionals and office workers (Freeman Moutchnik, 2013). The project management team went to different houses, commercial stores and community centres to gather the data. More than 50 focus group session have been performed. Information that has been gathered using all the requirement tools are analysed in this section. Almost 70% of the local residents have complained about the traffic jams and gave positive answers for the project of upgradation of the road. Almost 85% of the businessmen have agreed with the upgradation plan as highway 99 is the major commercial route in Homer city. 60% of the environmentalists have agreed with the upgradation project plan despite of the harmful effects on nature. Near about 60% of the members of social and professional organisations are content with the objective the planning of the project. Finally 80% of the financers and 95% of the stakeholders are on the same page in this project. Solution Strategies: Major solution strategies of the problems in the projects are discussed here. Gathering of financial resources is the solution to start the project of upgradation highway 99, else known as Burns Road. To complete this objective the major activity will be to gather as many sponsors as possible for proper funding. Next solution is demolition of buildings and subsidiaries in a proper way and a fair compensation to the natives so they can settle down on another place. Next to reduce the traffic jams dual carriageway should be formed along with three lanes in each section and construction of emergency lanes. To maintain the traffic visibility at night and aware the drivers about entry and exit neon street lights and electric gantry signs should be placed where necessary (Bal et al., 2013). To maintain the safety among the residents, animals and cyclists some road limitations and penalties for violating them should be set by the legal department. Busiest part of the road should be raised t o form a bridge and this way traffic jam near the railway level crossings can be avoided. To decrease the congestion at the intersection of Burns Road and Waylon Way a diversion of 5 Km should be constructed. A 24/7 service stations should be made beside the highway so that people do not have to move far away from the road to get refreshment or fuel (Doloi, 2012). Lastly an electricity substation and depot for maintenance should be established as soon as possible, replacing the old one. The major recommendation that can be given in this project is the fundamental objective of the project of road upgradation should not be based the commercial needs of the city. The requirement of the residential and the safety of the environment should be considered as well. Regarding the issues of the stakeholders, it can be said that the project must be start after all the stakeholders can come to a same agreement. The communication process among the project team must be maintained throughout the project. Expansion of the road with construction of more lanes is better plan than digging a tunnel. For safety measurements, appropriate amount of street lights and electrical gantry signs should be placed. Overbridge section of the highway should be properly balanced. Lastly, transportation system should be managed by experience traffic guards to prevent any mishap. The lessons those have been learned from the project are the utilisation of various methods to analyse stakeholder issues and management, different information gathering techniques help to obtain a common perspective, identification method of objectives and scopes of a project and the insight of the techniques to deal with people from different background, personal and professional. References: Bal, M., Bryde, D., Fearon, D., Ochieng, E. (2013). Stakeholder engagement: Achieving sustainability in the construction sector.Sustainability,5(2), 695-710. Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Carpenter, J. (2014).Library project funding: a guide to planning and writing proposals. Elsevier. Davis, K. (2014). Different stakeholder groups and their perceptions of project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), 189-201. De Brucker, K., Macharis, C., Verbeke, A. (2013). Multi-criteria analysis and the resolution of sustainable development dilemmas: A stakeholder management approach.European journal of operational research,224(1), 122-131. De Schepper, S., Dooms, M., Haezendonck, E. (2014). Stakeholder dynamics and responsibilities in PublicPrivate Partnerships: A mixed experience.International Journal of Project Management,32(7), 1210-1222. Doh, J. P., Quigley, N. R. (2014). Responsible leadership and stakeholder management: Influence pathways and organizational outcomes.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(3), 255-274. Doloi, H. (2012). Cost overruns and failure in project management: Understanding the roles of key stakeholders in construction projects.Journal of construction engineering and management,139(3), 267-279. El Abboubi, M., Cornet, A. (2012). Towards a dynamic stakeholder management framework for CSR certifications.International Journal Of Business And Social Science,3(4). Eskerod, P., Jepsen, A. L. (2013).Project stakeholder management. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Fassin, Y. (2012). Stakeholder management, reciprocity and stakeholder responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,109(1), 83-96. Fewings, P. (2013).Construction project management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Freeman, E., Moutchnik, A. (2013). Stakeholder management and CSR: questions and answers.uwf UmweltWirtschaftsForum,21(1-2), 5-9. Gatti, S. (2013).Project finance in theory and practice: designing, structuring, and financing private and public projects. Academic Press. Haimes, Y. Y. (2015).Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. Kendrick, T. (2015).Identifying and managing project risk: essential tools for failure-proofing your project. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Minoja, M. (2012). Stakeholder management theory, firm strategy, and ambidexterity.Journal of Business Ethics,109(1), 67-82. Mok, K. Y., Shen, G. Q., Yang, J. (2015). Stakeholder management studies in mega construction projects: A review and future directions.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 446-457. Moura-Leite, R. C., Padgett, R. C., Galn, J. I. (2014). Stakeholder management and nonparticipation in controversial business.Business Society,53(1), 45-70. Von Meding, J., McAllister, K., Oyedele, L., Kelly, K. (2013). A framework for stakeholder management and corporate culture.Built Environment Project and Asset Management,3(1), 24-41. Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers

Boundary Violations and Non-Compliance and Confidentiality

Question: Discuss about the Boundary Violations and Non-Compliance and Confidentiality. Answer: Introduction: The boundary violation that we discussed in our group was concerning the mental health patients and the reactions of doctors. Boundary violations are disruptions of the expected and accepted social, physical, and psychological boundaries that separate physicians from patient (Falender and Shafranske, 2004). There is a therapeutic nexus between a doctor and a patient is emanating from the purpose of the therapy and whenever there is deviation from the basic goal of treatment, it is referred as boundary violation. Another boundary violation that we discussed involved the exploitation of the patient. Have you witnessed mental health nurses engaging in any of these? Occasionally mental nurses dont respect the dignity of the patients, the trust created, often called the notion of trust or good faith is not asserted by the nurses (McAuliffe, 2005). The nurses go forth revealing the status of the sick persons to third parties without their consents. Difference between a boundary crossing and boundary violation? Explain. A boundary crossing is an aberration from classical therapeutic action that is non-exploitative, and possibly in-line with the therapy itself. Alternatively, the infringement of the boundary is destructive or hypothetically harmful, to the patient. It amounts to mistreatment of the patient. Equally, boundary infringement can originate from the patient or the therapist (Baca, 2011) Do you see any connection between this issue and the issue of Trauma Informed Care? There is a connection between boundary violations and trauma informed care. Trauma informed care approach is aimed at engaging persons who have previous records of trauma and make them recognize presence of trauma signs and appreciate the role the role played in their lives. The two are connected in the sense that they both deal with social, physical and mental aspects. Through these aspects, the community can act caringly and take steps to ensure wellness (Elliott, at al.2005). References Baca, M., 2011. Professional boundaries and dual relationships in clinical practice. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 7(3), pp.195-200. Elliott, D.E., Bjelajac, P., Fallot, R.D., Markoff, L.S. and Reed, B.G., 2005. Trauma?informed or trauma?denied: principles and implementation of trauma?informed services for women. Journal of Community Psychology, 33(4), pp.461-477. Falender, C.A. and Shafranske, E.P., 2004. Clinical supervision: A competency-based approach. McAuliffe, D., 2005. Putting ethics on the organisational agenda: The social work ethics audit on trial. Australian Social Work, 58(4), pp.357-369.